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A car is a wheeled, self-powered motor vehicle used for transportation. Most definitions of the term specify that cars are designed to run primarily on roads, to have seating for one to eight people, to typically have four wheels, and to be constructed principally for the transport of people rather than goods.[4][5] The year 1886 is regarded as the birth year of the modern car. In that year, German inventor Karl Benz built the Benz Patent-Motorwagen. Cars did not become widely available until the early 20th century. One of the first cars that was accessible to the masses was the 1908 Model T, an American car manufactured by the Ford Motor Company. Cars were rapidly adopted in the United States of America, where they replaced animal-drawn carriages and carts, but took much longer to be accepted in Western Europe and other, less developed, parts of the world. Cars are equipped with controls used for driving, parking, and passenger comfort and safety. As of the 2010s, controls have also been added to vehicles, making them more complex. Examples include rear reversing cameras, air conditioning, navigation systems, and in car entertainment. Most cars in use in the 2010s are propelled by an internal combustion engine, fueled by deflagration ofgasoline (also known as petrol) or diesel. Both fuels cause air pollution and are also blamed for contributing to climate change andglobal warming.[6] Vehicles using alternative fuels such as ethanol flexible-fuel vehicles and natural gas vehicles are also gaining popularity in some countries. Electric cars, which were invented early in the history of the automobile, began to become commercially available in 2008. The early history of the automobile can be divided into a number of eras, based on the prevalent means of propulsion. Later periods were defined by trends in exterior styling, size, and utility preferences. In 1768 the firstSTEAM powered auto-mobile capable of human transportation was built by Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot.[1]:14 In 1807, François Isaac de Rivaz designed the first car powered by an internal combustion engine fueled by hydrogen. In 1886 the first petrol or gasoline powered auto-mobile the Benz Patent-Motorwagen was invented by Karl Benz.[2] This is also considered to be the first "production" vehicle as Benz made several identical copies. At the turn of the 20th century electrically powered auto-mobiles appeared but only occupied a nicheMARKET until the turn of the 21st century. Automotive industry in India Chennai is home to around 35-40% of India's total automobile industry and for this reason it is known as the Detroitof Asia. It is on the way to becoming the world's largest Auto hub by 2016 with a capacity of over 3 million cars annually Mahindra Scorpio, one of India's best selling natively developed SUVs The automotive industry in India is one of the largest automotiveMARKETS in the world. It was previously one of the fastest growing markets globally, but it is currently experiencing flat or negative growth rates.[1][2] In 2009, India emerged as Asia's fourth largest exporter of passenger cars, behind Japan, South Korea, and Thailand,[3] overtaking Thailand to become third in 2010. As of 2010, India was home to 40 million passenger vehicles. More than 3.7 million automotive vehicles were produced in India in 2010 (an increase of 33.9%), making India the second fastest growing automobileMARKET in the world (after China).[4][5] India's passenger car and commercial vehicle manufacturing industry recently overtook Brazil to become the sixth largest in the world, with an annual production of more than 3.9 million units in 2011.[6][7] From 2011 to 2012, the industry grew 16-18%, selling around three million units.[7] According to the Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers, annual vehicle sales are projected to increase to 4 million by 2015, not 5 million as previously projected.[ The automotive industry is a wide range of companies and organizations involved in the design, development, manufacturing,marketing, and selling of motor vehicles.[1] It is one of the world's most important economic sectors by revenue. The automotive industry does not include industries dedicated to the maintenance of automobiles following delivery to the end-user, such as automobile repair shops and motor fuel filling stations. The term automotive was created from Greek autos (self), and Latin motivus (of motion) to represent any form of self-powered vehicle. This term was proposed by SAE member Elmer Sperry.[2] Types of automobile[edit] The basic automobile is privately owned for transporting the owner and his or her passengers. See automobile. Other types of cars include: Alternative fuel vehicle
Armored car
Battery vehicle (
electric car) Police car
Solar vehicle
Taxicab
By car body s
tyle[edit] Car body style and
classification 2 plus 2
Antique car
Cabrio coach
Cabriolet
City car
Classic car
Compact car
Compact executive
car Compact MPV
Compact SUV
Convertible
Coupé
Coupé utili
ty Crossover SUV
Custom car
Drophead coupe
Executive car
Fastback
Full-size car
Grand tourer
Hardtop
Hatchback
Hot hatch
Hot rod
Kei car
Large family
car Leisure activity ve
hicle Liftback
Limousine
Luxury vehicle
Microcar
Mid-size car
Mini MPV

Mini SUV
Minivan
Muscle car
Pony car
Notchback
Panel van
Personal luxury car
Pickup truck
Quad coupé Retractable hardtop Roadster Sedan (Saloon) Shooting-brake Sport compact Sport utility vehicle Sports car Station wagon Supercar Supermini Targa top Taxicab Touring car Town car T-top Tow truck Ute Van Voiturette Specialized vehicles[edit] Amphibious vehicle Driverless car Flying car Gyrocar By propulsion system[edit] Propulsion technologies Internal combustion engine Electric vehicle Battery electric vehicle Neighborhood Electric Vehicle Hybrid vehicle Plug-in hybrid Plug-in electric vehicle Hydrogen vehicle Fuel cell Steam car Alternative fuel vehicle Autogas Biodiesel Common ethanol fuel mixtures Flexible-fuel vehicle Gasoline Direct Injection Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition Liquid Nitrogen By engine[edit] By engine type[edit] Engine configuration (IC engines only) Flat engine Flathead engine Four-stroke engine H engine Pushrod engine Reciprocating engine Single cylinder engine Straight engine Straight-six engine Two-stroke engine V engine W engine Wankel engine By engine fuel type[edit] Engine fuel type Diesel engine Electric car Gasoline engine Hybrid vehicle Hydrogen vehicle Steam car By engine positioning[edit] Engine positioning Front-engine Rear-engine Mid-engine By drive type[edit] Drive wheels Two-wheel drive Four-wheel drive Front-wheel drive Rear-wheel drive By layout[edit] Layout Front-engine, front-wheel drive Rear-engine, front-wheel drive layout Front-engine, rear-wheel drive Front mid-engine, rear-wheel drive Rear mid-engine, rear-wheel drive Mid-engine, front-wheel drive Rear-engine, rear-wheel drive Automotive design[edit] Automotive design Body Framework Automobile platform Body-on-frame Bumper Cabrio coach Chassis Continental tire Crumple zone Dagmar bumpers Decklid Fender Fender skirts Grille Hood Hood scoop Monocoque Overhang Pillar Ponton (automobile) Pontoon fenders Quarter panel Shaker scoop Spoiler Subframe Tonneau Compartments Trunk/Boot/Dickie Hood/Bonnet Doors Butterfly doors Canopy door Gull-wing door Scissor doors Sliding doors Suicide door Glass Greenhouse Power window Quarter glass Sunroof Windshield/Windscreen Windshield/Windscreen wiper Other Bumper sticker Curb feeler Hood ornament Japan Black paint Monsoonshield Nerf bar Tire/Tyre Tow hitch Truck accessory Lighting Daytime running lamp Headlamp Hidden headlamps High-intensity discharge lamps Retroreflector Sealed beam Trafficators Legal and other Motor vehicle theft Parking sensors Vanity plate Vehicle Identification Number Vehicle registration plate Vehicle horn • Windshield/Windscreen washer fluid Wing mirror Interior equipment Instruments Backup camera Boost gauge Buzzer Carputer Electronic instrument cluster Fuel gauge Global Positioning System and Automotive navigation system Head-up display Idiot light Malfunction Indicator Lamp Night vision Odometer Radar detector LIDAR detector Speedometer Tachometer Trip computer Controls Bowden cable Cruise control Electronic throttle control Gear stick Hand brake Manettino dial Steering wheel Throttle Brake Theft deterrence Automatic vehicle location Car alarm Immobiliser Power door locks VIN etching Safety & seating Airbag Armrest Automatic seat belts Bench seat Bucket seat Child safety lock Rumble seat Seat belt Other Air conditioning Automobile accessory power Car audio Car phone Center console Dashboard Flat tire Glove compartment RF connector Power steering Rear-view mirror Smart key Sun visor Trap (secret compartment) History of automobiles[edit] History of the automobile History of steam road vehicles Cugnot's fardier à vapeur – an experimental steam-driven artillery tractor regarded by some as the first 'car' Benz Patent Motorwagen – First purpose-built automobile General automobile concepts[edit] Car classification Driving Vehicle dynamics Car engine Basic terminology Bore Compression ratio Crank Cylinder Dead centre Diesel engine Dry sump Engine balance Engine configuration Engine displacement Engine knocking Firing order Hydrolock Petrol engine Power band Redline Spark-ignition engine Stroke Stroke ratio Wet sump Main components Connecting rod Crankcase Crankpin Crankshaft Crossflow cylinder head Crossplane Cylinder bank Cylinder block Cylinder head Flywheel Head gasket Hypereutectic piston Main bearing Piston Piston ring Reverse-flow cylinder head Starter ring gear Sump Valvetrain Cam Cam follower Camshaft Desmodromic valve Hydraulic tappet Multi-valve Overhead camshaft Overhead valve Pneumatic valve springs Poppet valve Pushrod Rocker arm Sleeve valve Tappet Timing belt Timing mark Valve float Variable valve timing Aspiration Air filter Blowoff valve Boost controller Butterfly valve Centrifugal type supercharger Cold air intake Dump valve Electronic throttle control Forced induction Inlet manifold Intake Intercooler Manifold vacuum Naturally aspirated engine Ram-air intake Scroll-type supercharger Short ram air intake Supercharger Throttle Throttle body Turbocharger Twin-turbo Variable geometry turbocharger Variable length intake manifold Warm air intake Fuel system Carburetor Common rail Direct injection Fuel filter Fuel injection Fuel pump Fuel tank Gasoline direct injection Indirect injection Injection pump Lean burn Unit Injector Electrics, ignition and engine management Air-fuel ratio meter Alternator Automatic Performance Control Car battery Contact breaker Crank sensor Distributor Dynamo Drive by wire Electrical ballast Electronic control unit Engine control unit Glow plug High tension leads Ignition coil Lead–acid battery Ignition magneto Mass flow sensor Oxygen sensor Spark plug Starter motor Exhaust system Automobile emissions control Catalytic converter Diesel particulate filter Exhaust manifold Glasspack Muffler Engine cooling Air cooling Antifreeze Core plug Electric fan Ethylene glycol Fan belt Radiator Thermostat Water cooling Viscous fan Other components Balance shaft Block heater Combustion chamber Cylinder head porting Gasket Motor oil Oil filter Oil pump Oil sludge PCV valve Seal Synthetic oil Underdrive pulleys Powertrain Hybrid powertrains Hybrid vehicle drivetrain Transmission Automatic transmission Clutch Continuously variable transmission Differential Direct-Shift Gearbox Drive shaft Dual clutch transmission Easytronic Electrohydraulic manual transmission Electrorheological clutch Epicyclic gearing Fluid coupling Gear stick Hydramatic Limited slip differential Locking differential Manual transmission Manumatic multitronic Parking pawl Roto Hydramatic Saxomat Semi-automatic transmission Super Turbine 300 Torque converter Transaxle Transmission control unit Turbo-Hydramatic Universal joint Suspension Anti-roll bar (sway bar) Axle Axle track Beam axle Camber angle Car handling Coil spring De Dion tube Double wishbone Hydragas Hydrolastic Hydropneumatic Independent suspension Leaf spring Live axle MacPherson strut Multi-link suspension Panhard rod Shock absorber Swing axle Toe angle Torsion bar Trailing arm Unsprung mass Watt's linkage • Wheel alignment Wheelbase Steering Ackermann steering geometry Caster angle Kingpin Oversteer Power steering Rack and pinion Torque steering Understeer Brakes Automatic Braking Anti-lock Braking System Brake bleeding Brake fade Brake fluid Brake lining Disc brake Drum brake Electronic Brakeforce Distribution Electronic Stability Control Engine braking Hydraulic brake Hydraulic fluid Inboard brake Parking brake Regenerative brake Vacuum servo Roadwheels and tires (tyres) Outline of tires Alloy wheel Custom wheel Drive wheel Hubcap Rostyle wheel Spinner Wire wheels